Labaran yumbu

Farin ain Dingyao

2023-05-16
Shahararriyar farar farar fata ta Dingyao ta fara ne a Daular Waƙar Arewa, kuma an fara harbe-harbe da farar faren Dingyao a daular Tang. Wurin Dingyao Kiln yana cikin ƙauyen Magnetic Quyangjian, Hebei. Fararen farar fata na Dingyao na daular Tang yana da halaye iri ɗaya da farar farantin Xingyao, kuma sifofin sun haɗa da kwano, faranti, tire, tukwane, kwanduna, murhu mai ƙafa uku da kayan wasan yara. Idan aka kwatanta da ayyukan zamanin daular Biyar, gefuna na tasoshin suna da leɓuna masu kauri, cikakkun kafadu, ƙasa mai lebur, da ƙaƙƙarfan gindin biredi, wasu kuma suna da gindin ja. Galibin fararen fararen daular Tang Dingyao sun yi kama da farar ain na Xingyao a wancan lokacin, sashin kashin tayin ya fi sirara, launin tayi fari ne, akwai kuma wani nau'in kashin tayin yana da kauri, sashin yana da kauri sosai, amma kwarangwal din ya fi kyau.

A zamanin Neolithic, farar tukwane a cikin al'adun Dawenkou, daular Shang ta Erligang da rugujewar Yin sun nuna yadda masu sana'a ke neman farar fata a wancan lokacin.

Lokacin da ake ci gaba da samar da celadon mai zafin jiki a cikin kogin Yangtze (musamman Yuedi, Zhejiang) a karni na 3, arewa da ke da farar tushen asalin kasar, ita ma ta yi kokarin harba atan mai kyalli.
A ƙarshen karni na 6, Arewacin Qi (550-577) ya samar da kayan kwalliyar farin-glazed, amma daga fuskar kantin magani, waɗannan kayan aikin farin-glazed kawai za a iya kiran su da tukunyar tukunyar zafi mai zafi, ko ƙananan zafin jiki na glaze na babban zafin jiki na rabin-pocelain, yumbu mai tsayi mai tsayi, ba fari-fari mai tsayi ba. Duk da haka, da gangan ƙoƙarin masu tukwane na Daular Arewa na neman ganin farar yumbura ya riga ya fito fili.
Sui (581-618) da Tang (618-907) su ne lokacin ci gaban ci gaban masana'antar sinadarai ta arewa, kuma gidan kiln Xing, wanda ya shahara wajen samar da farar fata mai kyau, shi ne wakilin masana'antar kiln na arewa, yana tsaye kafada da kafada da kudancin Yue kiln, yana samar da tsarin ain na kudancin Qing. Wuraren kiln da yawa a ko'ina cikin arewacin daular Tang sun sami tasiri ta hanyar Xing kilns, don haka suna da kamanni sosai a cikin sura, kyalkyali, kayan ado da tsarin harbe-harbe, kuma ɗakin Ding ɗin ba shi da banbanci. A cikin daular Tang ta marigayi, akwai nau'ikan farar farar arewa iri biyu: farar fararen hular taya mai kyalli da farar fararen kayan shafa da yumɓun kayan shafa, kuma kiln ɗin ita ce wakilin farar hular taya. A lokacin daular Tang ta marigayi, Dingzhou ya ci gaba da samun kwanciyar hankali a siyasance, kuma kasar Lingshan ta fi karfin kaolin, kuma kusa da ita tana da wadata a cikin feldspar, ma'adini, dolomite da sauran albarkatun kasa, yankin da ya fi muhimmanci a arewacin kauyen Jianci mai cike da dadadden kwal, sabili da haka, tare da kyakkyawan yanayi mai kyau da yanayi mai kyau na yanayi mai saurin gaske. Daular ng Kyawawan samfurin kabari na kabari, na iya nuna balagaggen fasahar Dingyao da kuma inganta karfin samar da kayayyaki, ta yadda sannu a hankali farin farantin Dingyao ya zarce matsayin Xingyao.
A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 10 a farkon Daular Wakar Arewa, saman farar alin na Dingyao yana da ratsi na ado, amma yawancinsu sifofin layi ne da aka sassaka da wukake madaidaiciya; Sau da yawa ana sassaƙa bangon waje tare da nau'i-nau'i na nau'i na magarya, waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin bas-relief don nuna cewa kowane ƙwayar magarya ana amfani da ita azaman haƙarƙari na tsakiya; An tsince shi, ba a sanya shi a ƙarshensa ba, gefen bakin yana cike da kyalkyali, amma kuma ya zama ruwan dare a goge da'irar kyalkyali a bakin kafin a yi harbi, ko kuma a cire bakin bakin baki bayan harbe-harbe. An yi farar farantin wannan lokacin don yin koyi da kiln Yaozhou da kiln Yue.
A lokacin daular Song ta Arewa, daga shekarun 20s zuwa 50s na karni na 11, fasahar samar da tangan din Dingyao ta sami babban ci gaba. Asalin wuka madaidaiciya finely sassaka bugun layi ana rikida zuwa buguwar layin dogon wuka. Ganyen magarya da aka tashe an rage su. Tsarin da aka buga na ƙirar ciki ya bayyana, kuma an kammala wannan lokacin; Ba a gama haɓaka fasahar wuce gona da iri ba har sai 50s na ƙarni na 11. An kammala salon kiln a wannan lokacin.
Daga karshen karni na 11 zuwa farkon karni na 12, zamanin da ya fi wadata a Daular Wakar Arewa, kaburburan Shi irin su kaburburan iyali na Han Qi da kaburburan dangin Lü Dalin sun gano ayyuka da gutsuttsura masu inganci da yawa na Ding kiln da gutsuttsura, galibi tsafta da danshi na wake, manyan baki, kananan ƙafafu da sauran fasahohin da ake karantawa a cikin mangfir.
Daga 20s zuwa 50s na karni na 12, a wannan lokacin, murhu na daular Jin ne (1115-1234), kuma sana'ar kiln ta ci gaba, kuma inganci da yawa ya kai kololuwa. Adadin farar alin da aka gano a arewacin daular Jin yana da yawa sosai. "Tarihin Zinariya" ya ƙunshi: "Zhending Fu yana samar da farantin karfe. â
A zamanin Neolithic, farar tukwane a cikin al'adun Dawenkou, daular Shang ta Erligang da rugujewar Yin sun nuna yadda masu sana'a ke neman farar fata a wancan lokacin.
Lokacin da ake ci gaba da samar da celadon mai zafin jiki a cikin kogin Yangtze (musamman Yuedi, Zhejiang) a karni na 3, arewa da ke da farar tushen asalin kasar, ita ma ta yi kokarin harba atan mai kyalli.
A ƙarshen karni na 6, Arewacin Qi (550-577) ya samar da kayan kwalliyar farin-glazed, amma daga fuskar kantin magani, waɗannan kayan aikin farin-glazed kawai za a iya kiran su da tukunyar tukunyar zafi mai zafi, ko ƙananan zafin jiki na glaze na babban zafin jiki na rabin-pocelain, yumbu mai tsayi mai tsayi, ba fari-fari mai tsayi ba. Duk da haka, da gangan ƙoƙarin masu tukwane na Daular Arewa na neman ganin farar yumbura ya riga ya fito fili.
Sui (581-618) da Tang (618-907) su ne lokacin ci gaban ci gaban masana'antar sinadarai ta arewa, kuma gidan kiln Xing, wanda ya shahara wajen samar da farar fata mai kyau, shi ne wakilin masana'antar kiln na arewa, yana tsaye kafada da kafada da kudancin Yue kiln, yana samar da tsarin ain na kudancin Qing. Wuraren kiln da yawa a ko'ina cikin arewacin daular Tang sun sami tasiri ta hanyar Xing kilns, don haka suna da kamanni sosai a cikin sura, kyalkyali, kayan ado da tsarin harbe-harbe, kuma ɗakin Ding ɗin ba shi da banbanci. A cikin daular Tang ta marigayi, akwai nau'ikan farar farar arewa iri biyu: farar fararen hular taya mai kyalli da farar fararen kayan shafa da yumɓun kayan shafa, kuma kiln ɗin ita ce wakilin farar hular taya. A lokacin daular Tang ta marigayi, Dingzhou ya ci gaba da samun kwanciyar hankali a siyasance, kuma kasar Lingshan ta fi karfin kaolin, kuma kusa da ita tana da wadata a cikin feldspar, ma'adini, dolomite da sauran albarkatun kasa, yankin da ya fi muhimmanci a arewacin kauyen Jianci mai cike da dadadden kwal, sabili da haka, tare da kyakkyawan yanayi mai kyau da yanayi mai kyau na yanayi mai saurin gaske. Daular ng Kyawawan samfurin kabari na kabari, na iya nuna balagaggen fasahar Dingyao da kuma inganta karfin samar da kayayyaki, ta yadda sannu a hankali farin farantin Dingyao ya zarce matsayin Xingyao.
A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 10 a farkon Daular Wakar Arewa, saman farar alin na Dingyao yana da ratsi na ado, amma yawancinsu sifofin layi ne da aka sassaka da wukake madaidaiciya; Sau da yawa ana sassaƙa bangon waje tare da nau'i-nau'i na nau'i na magarya, waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin bas-relief don nuna cewa kowane ƙwayar magarya ana amfani da ita azaman haƙarƙari na tsakiya; An tsince shi, ba a sanya shi a ƙarshensa ba, gefen bakin yana cike da kyalkyali, amma kuma ya zama ruwan dare a goge da'irar kyalkyali a bakin kafin a yi harbi, ko kuma a cire bakin bakin baki bayan harbe-harbe. An yi farar farantin wannan lokacin don yin koyi da kiln Yaozhou da kiln Yue.
A lokacin daular Song ta Arewa, daga shekarun 20s zuwa 50s na karni na 11, fasahar samar da tangan din Dingyao ta sami babban ci gaba. Asalin wuka madaidaiciya finely sassaka bugun layi ana rikida zuwa buguwar layin dogon wuka. Ganyen magarya da aka tashe an rage su. Tsarin da aka buga na ƙirar ciki ya bayyana, kuma an kammala wannan lokacin; Ba a gama haɓaka fasahar wuce gona da iri ba har sai 50s na ƙarni na 11. An kammala salon kiln a wannan lokacin.
Daga karshen karni na 11 zuwa farkon karni na 12, zamanin da ya fi wadata a Daular Wakar Arewa, kaburburan Shi irin su kaburburan iyali na Han Qi da kaburburan dangin Lü Dalin sun gano ayyuka da gutsuttsura masu inganci da yawa na Ding kiln da gutsuttsura, galibi tsafta da danshi na wake, manyan baki, kananan ƙafafu da sauran fasahohin da ake karantawa a cikin mangfir.
Daga 20s zuwa 50s na karni na 12, a wannan lokacin, murhu na daular Jin ne (1115-1234), kuma sana'ar kiln ta ci gaba, kuma inganci da yawa ya kai kololuwa. Adadin farar alin da aka gano a arewacin daular Jin yana da yawa sosai. "Tarihin Zinariya" ya ƙunshi: "Zhending Fu yana samar da farantin karfe. â
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